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31.
Ronen Kadmon 《Journal of Arid Environments》1997,36(4):557-564
A field experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that competitive interactions affect demographic responses of desert dune annuals to gradients in sand stability. The experiment was based on a three-way factorial design with two types of neighbor treatments (complete neighbor removalvs. control), two types of habitats (stablevs. unstable sands) and two species which characterize sandy areas of the western Negev Desert (Neurada procumbensandBromus fasciculatus). Each of the eight treatment/habitat/species combinations was characterized by three demographic variables: seedling survival to reproduction, fruit number per reproductive plant and fruit number per seedling. All of these variables exhibited significant interactions between the effects of neighbor removal and habitat type, indicating that neighbor conditions were important in determining the observed patterns of demographic variation. Moreover, while plants ofNeurada procumbensgrowing without neighbors suffered more mortality on unstable sands, conspecific plants growing at natural density conditions suffered more mortality on stable sands. In the case ofBromus fasciculatus, individuals growing in the absence of competitive effects produced more fruits on stable sands, but conspecific plants growing at natural density conditions exhibited higher fruit production on unstable sands. These findings indicate that competitive effects not only modify, but may even reverse demographic responses of desert dune annuals to gradients in sand stability. Based on these results and evidence from two other studies it is suggested that seed dispersal from abiotically favorable into less favorable habitats may increase fitness of desert annuals by reducing the average effect of competition. 相似文献
32.
本文以1995年甘肃省境内5．8级地震引起的黄土地区震陷灾害实例，对黄土微结构孔隙性进行了定量研究。通过电镜扫描手段和SEM图像处理技术，对极震区震陷性黄土微观结构的各项指标进行了比较分析，得出不同地点的黄土孔隙分布曲线；对极震区受地震破坏和未受破坏典型架空孔隙结构的黄土进行了定量处理，较好地解释了土体的工程性质，结合激光粒度分析仪对极震区黄土进行了测量和统计分析。同时对无震区与强震区黄土孔隙分布曲线进行了对比研究。结果表明：不同极震区的孔隙分布特征不同，同一深度不同区域孔隙分布曲线亦有明显的差异。 相似文献
33.
应用多种遥感影像处理方法提取玛尼7.5级地震中的热红外异常信息 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以1997年11月8日发生在西藏玛尼的Ms7．5地震为例，应用多种红外遥感影像处理方法，提取地震发生前后的红外辐射的时空演变信息。结果发现，在震前4天震中所在的玛尔盖茶卡断层以及东昆仑断裂带，出现3—5℃的增温现象，该异常在地震后逐渐消失。 相似文献
34.
Specialized to the Lie series based perturbation method of Kirchgraber and Stiefel (1978) a new computer algebra package called
ANALYTOS has been developed for constructing analytical orbital theories either in noncanonical or canonical form. We present
results on the (extended) Main Problem of orbital theory of artificial earth satellites and related issues. The order of the
solutions achieved is generally one order higher than those known from literature. Moreover, the analytical orbits have been
checked succesfully against precise numerical ephemerides.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
35.
Soil C and N response to changes in winter precipitation in a subalpine forest ecosystem,NW Italy 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 Among the potential effects of climate change on subalpine forest ecosystems during the winter season, the shift in snowline towards higher altitudes and the increase in frequency of rain events on the snowpack are of particular interest. Here, we present the results of a 2‐year field experiment conducted in a forest stand (Larix decidua) in NW Italy at 2020 m a.s.l. From 2009 to 2011, we monitored soil physical characteristics (temperature and moisture), and soil and soil solution chemistry, in particular carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) forms and their change in time, as affected by simulated late snowpack accumulation and rain on snow events. Late snowpack accumulation determined a stronger effect on soil thermal and moisture regimes than rain on snow events. Also soil chemistry was significantly affected by late snowfall simulation. Although microbial biomass C and N were not reduced by soil freezing, soil contents of the more labile dissolved organic carbon and inorganic N increased when the soil was affected by mild/hard freezing. Variations in the soil solution were shifted with respect to those observed in soil, with an increase in N‐NO3? concentrations occurring during spring and summer. This study highlights the potential N loss in subalpine soils under changing environmental conditions driven by a changing climate. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
36.
Trophic cascade hypotheses predict that fish will affect the structure and biomass of pelagic plankton communities. In order to investigate trophic cascade effects from fish down to phytoplankton, whole-lake studies were performed in five hypertrophic (mean total phosphorus (TP) concentrations higher than 1000 mg m−3) shallow lakes located in the Pampa Plain. The main climatic characteristic of this region is the alternation between periods of drought and flood, with corresponding changes of lake depth and conductivity of lake water. All lakes were studied from April to December 2000. Samples were taken of their physical and chemical characteristics and biotic communities, focusing on the zooplankton community. Fish were manipulated in four lakes (Capurro, Longinotti, Vedia 1, Vedia 2), while the fifth (Lake Vedia 3) was left undisturbed as a reference system. High abundance of planktivorous minnows (Jenynsia multidentata and Cheirodon interruptus) dominated the fish community in the reference lake. In the manipulated lakes, fish stocks were largely reduced in late autumn (May). During winter, Capurro, Longinotti and Vedia 1 were stocked with a visual planktivore, the pampean silverside (Odontesthes bonariensis, Atherinidae). Fish stocking was 24, 33 and 19 kg ha−1, respectively. In contrast, no fish were stocked in Lake Vedia 2. Following fish removal, large Daphnia appeared in these lakes and grazed intensively on the phytoplankton. In contrast, no Daphnia were found in the reference lake (Vedia 3). The stocking of O. bonariensis in lakes Capurro, Longinotti and Vedia 1 led to a decrease in the percentage of large cladocerans and a rise in the phytoplankton biomass:TP ratio. Moreover, the lakes mentioned were stocked with different quantities of silversides over different periods of time. These differences were reflected temporarily in the plankton dynamics, affecting mainly larger sized zooplankton. Nevertheless, the presence of Daphnia was short lived in the lake where fish had been removed and no O. bonariensis were stocked. Competition for resources and recruitment of remaining fish probably caused a collapse in the zooplankton biomass. Our results support the idea that fish predation on zooplankton and its effect on phytoplankton is very intense in small pampean lakes. Fish removal was short lived, however. This could be because in small pampean lakes fish recolonization is favored, and minnows are highly prolific. Moreover, if manipulation of the trophic structure of lakes is undertaken in the pampean region, high nutrient loading from the watershed, climate and hydrology should also be taken into account. 相似文献
37.
水华的频发已成为当前三峡水库最为突出的生态环境问题之一。尽管水动力调控叠加上温度变暖和营养负荷增加会诱导水华暴发强度和频率增加,但仍缺乏有效的方法框架去利用野外观测数据评估环境因子与浮游植物间的因果关联。本研究以三峡水库澎溪河监测数据为例,采用非线性时序分析的建模框架来量化浮游植物的因果响应规律。数据来自于2007年6月至2018年9月澎溪河流域的高阳平湖和汉丰湖两个观测点,其中包含了水文、气象和水质及叶绿素a等11种变量。首先,利用奇异谱分析(SSA)分离了叶绿素a和环境因子的低维确定性动力学信号;其次,采用收敛交叉映射(CCM)方法检验了叶绿素a与环境因子间的因果关联。结果显示:(1)气象因子、支流流量、水温、三峡大坝水位和上游调节坝水位是影响高阳平湖叶绿素a时序变化的重要因素;(2)总氮、总磷为代表的营养盐只在汉丰湖观测点中表现出与叶绿素a的因果关系,且总氮较之于总磷对叶绿素a变化影响更为显著;(3)CCM结果与传统的皮尔森相关性分析及格兰杰因果检验比较,证实非线性时序分析方法在分析浮游植物的因果响应上更具优势。本研究为水生态系统的因果建模提供了研究范例,也为推动利用长期观测数据... 相似文献